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diff --git a/dv/formal/simple_alu/simple_alu_fv.sv b/dv/formal/simple_alu/simple_alu_fv.sv
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+++ b/dv/formal/simple_alu/simple_alu_fv.sv
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+// Formal verification module for simple_alu.
+// All ports are inputs - this module only observes DUT signals, never drives them.
+// Instantiated via simple_alu_top_fv.sv wrapper (bind unsupported in open-source Yosys).
+module simple_alu_fv (
+    input logic        clk_i,
+    input logic [31:0] a_i,
+    input logic [31:0] b_i,
+    input logic        sel_i,
+    input logic        rst_ni,
+
+    input logic [31:0] y_i,
+    input logic        overflow_i
+  );
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Initial assumptions - constrain starting state so solver doesn't
+    // explore garbage initial register values
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    initial assume (~rst_ni);
+    initial assume (y_i == '0);
+    initial assume (overflow_i == 1'b0);
+
+    //assertion check: if rst deasserted, y tied to 0
+    //assertions are what we want to prove, formal verification is the engine that proves it
+    // property p_rst_y;
+    //     @(posedge clk_i)
+    //     ~rst_ni |=> (y_i=='0);
+    // endproperty
+    // a_rst_y: assert property (p_rst_y)
+    //     else $error("RESET CHECK FAILED: rst_ni=%0b y_i=%0h, expected y=0", rst_ni, y_i);
+
+    // Reset check - y must be 0 one cycle after reset asserts (active low)
+    always @(posedge clk_i) begin
+        if ($past(~rst_ni)) begin
+            assert (y_i == '0);
+            assert (overflow_i == 0);
+        end
+    end
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Cover statements - solver finds shortest path to reach each state
+    // These generate VCD traces you can inspect in GTKWave
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    always @(posedge clk_i) begin
+        cover ($past(sel_i == 0) && overflow_i == 1'b1);  // addition overflow
+        cover ($past(sel_i == 1) && overflow_i == 1'b1);  // subtraction underflow
+    end
+
+endmodule